Amy Ross Speaking at the IAC20 meeting, I'm excited to be here. And I've never participated in a virtual conference before. So this is exciting. I hope everybody's been enjoying the meeting. And I hope you enjoy this presentation as well. My name is Amy Ross, and I'm from the NASA Johnson Space Center. I'm a spacesuit engineer, and I'm going to talk about being suited for space and how we use user interface thoughts in designing spacesuits. Amy Ross So first of all, we're going to talk about what a spacesuit is because it helps to understand what a spacesuit is before we talk about how human centered design is used in designing them, and I emphasize this because a lot of times we get confused with clothing. And well not just clothes. Sure we look cool, but we are a set of garments that you wear either 250 miles up in orbit around the Earth at the International Space Station. And that 250 miles just to give you some scale is it is the distance from Houston, which is where I am, to Baton Rouge. It's not quite, I guess it's a little more than all the way to Dallas, which I consider to be a big drive. So that's pretty far away from home. But then you can also go to the moon, which is where we're planning to go now. That's 238 239,000 miles up. And that's pretty far. But when we talk about when we want to go to Mars, then you're talking 123 million miles away. That's a long way away. And you can imagine that it isn't quite the same as home. We're not in Kansas anymore Toto. And so that means that you're probably not going to wear the little gingham checked dress that Dorothy had on. Yeah, you want something a little more relevant to where you're going. Okay. And then once we talk a little bit more about what spacesuits are, we're going to talk about how we do Human Centered Design in spacesuits. So how NASA Space Engineers do it. Caveat on this. I am an engineer. Okay, so that's the perspective I'm coming at it from. I'm a mechanical engineer trained. And other than that, I just learned spacesuits on the job. And so if you talk to a life scientist or a physiologist or a medical doctor or ergonomisist, they will have a different viewpoint than what I'm giving you. So I'm giving you the on the job training version of what human centric design is for spacesuits, okay? Amy Ross Okay, so what are spacesuits? First of all, spacesuits are life support systems. This is a new high def image of, I think, an Apollo 8 shot where you can see the Earth rise over the moonscape ther? Isnt it beautiful? And this is where we're going to put people. On the surface of the moon. It doesn't look overly friendly. It's not overly friendly for human life. There's the places that we go either no pressure, so it is a complete vacuum, no air at all in space. Or if you go to say Mars, there's a slight carbon dioxide rich environment that's not really breathable or survivable, likings either. So that's important to protect a human against. And then the thermal extremes that we see when we're either on the space station, on the moon, or on Mars are more than what we normally ever care to experience on Earth. I live in Houston, Texas. And in the summer times, it gets hot. It's unpleasant, you know, people up North kind of go into the cabin mode and they just hunker down inside during wintertime. We do that in the summertimes. However, say on the International Space Station, in 90 minutes, the time it takes the space station to orbit Earth, you can go from 250 degrees Fahrenheit. So almost the temperature which I bake my chocolate chip cookies at in the oven, not a good place to be. To minus 250 degrees Fahrenheit. That is colder than the coldest temperature recorded on Earth. Okay, so if you go to Antarctica in the middle of winter in the middle of a snowstorm, you're not going to get that cold. And that's every 45 minutes, you could experience those temperature ranges on International Space Station. We're talking about going to the south pole of the moon, and going into permanently shadowed regions, aka craters, deep dark craters on the moon and you can experience liquid helium temperatures there. So you've seen what liquid nitrogen in your high school chemistry lab can do to things. We're going to try to send people into places even colder than that. Okay, so obviously, spacesuits are protection. So we need to protect astronauts from those thermal extremes we just talked about. Micro meteoroids, which I think I have a sample of that there, there's a small, you can see here, a simulated micrometeorite is actually kind of a big one, but you're trying to get the energy when you do the impact test. You can see the scale here, there's a quarter, and this is a steel plate. That little bitty ball because it's got a lot of energy, because it's going really fast, can put a hole in a steel plate. And we're gonna send our astronauts up there and ask them to go outside where there are objects flying at hypervelocity speeds. So we're talking 17,500 miles per hour or more, and bad things can happen if you don't protect them. Amy Ross Okay. These are the layers of the spacesuit here. And the shiny layers here that looks like aluminum foil. Actually kind of are aluminum foil, we call it aluminized mylar. Mylar is a thin plastic film. And that's our insulation from those temperature extremes. When we go to Mars, we expect to need to use a different insulation. And when we go to those deep dark, cold craters on the moon, we're also going to have to learn new ways to keep astronauts protected against those thermal extremes. Radiation in general, I have the helmet here because we really just protect the eyes of the crew member as well as the skin because that's those are the two organs of the body most sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, which is what we experience most of in low Earth orbit, and even on the moon. But when you get out into the deep space, and there's other kinds of radiation that we're kind of protecting, we just kind of, we make sure that you don't get exposed to those very much. I'm talking about solar particle events or galactic cosmic radiation. Toxic substances, I'm talking about rocket fuel that might be leaking from a jet to maneuver the vehicle. I'm talking about even space dust. Ammonia is used on the International Space Station. Those are all things that you don't want to get in your spacesuit or bring inside to the habitat of the space craft, so the International Space Station or whatever vehicle you're flying in. So we need to make sure that the spacesuit doesn't A) let things get into you inside the spacesuit and then also that you don't bring those into the vehicle after you've been exposed. Dust of course, we're going to go to the moon and on to Mars, and so we are learning how to make sure our fabric spacesuit stays sound, stays whole without holes, even when it's exposed to dust. That can be very abrasive and potentially couputld a hole in it if you aren't careful. And then you can fall down. One sixth gravity on the moon is a pretty strange kind of gravity. It's almost just enough to be annoying. So it doesn't help you a whole lot when you're trying to move, but it still does keep pulling you down. So we have to make sure we help our astronauts stay stable and mobile in that gravity environment and even if they do fall down that their spacesuit still protects them. Amy Ross Okay, and finally, one way to think about a spacesuit is that spacesuits are human shaped spaceships. So everything that this over here can do, and this is the International Space Station, extra vehicular mobility unit, or EMU, or spacesuit does, is the same stuff as this over here, which is the International Space Station. We have power, we have communications, we provide a livable environment for the crew member, we have mobility. So all those things are things that the space station also provides. And we just wrap it around the human. Amy Ross And finally, well, spacesuits are tools for getting work done. Okay. So if you're a crew member, this is the bit that you're talking about. Crew members want to do the job for you. So here is an astronaut on the surface of the moon with a lunar rover, going to get some samples. Here is an astronaut up on the space shuttle, getting the gamma ray observatory ready to be released and do its job. And in the future, we expect hope to be able to do things like this where a astronaut is needing to get a very specific geology sample, and to do so they're going to need to repel. So these are the kinds of things that astronauts want to be able to do and that the spacesuit needs to allow them to do. Amy Ross So based on that background, you can now see that spacesuit designs are predicated on the use environment, or where you're going, and the required activities, or what you are doing. So that's how we develop our requirements for the spacesuit. And the more we know about those two things, the better our spacesuit can be designed to allow us to work in the environment and do the activities. Now, from the human centric design perspective, obviously our product is wrapped around the human. So that means we need to be customer focused. And then that means we need to know what astronauts are like. And from my experience, astronauts are selected to be your hyper type A, goal oriented, get her done, do or die, damn the torpedoes, make it happen, put me in coach! kind of people. They are, you tell them what you need done, and they do it. No matter, they do it. And they are pretty risk averse people, I mean not risk averse people, they are pretty risk confident people. They will do things that put themselves at risk to get it done because they're that motivated. Amy Ross So here's a couple of examples that I'll talk about. We'll go back to this picture here. So in one case, one example is they were preparing the gamma ray observatory, this vehicle out here, to be released to do its job. However, a critical piece of that was to release the antenna and that antenna allowed the gamma ray observatory or GRO to receive commands and send back data. Okay, so this was a critical, the boom had to be tucked in to launch in the space shuttle Halo Bay, but it had to be extended so it could do its job. Well, some of the soft goods, thermal blankets on it kind of got caught in the mechanism that was trying to let it release, and it got stuck. So it wasn't releasing. They tried several things. They tried to try to shake it with the robotic arm back here that you can see is holding on to it, and things, and it didn't work. So they sent the crew members out. And in the end, the way this worked is the crew member climbed up onto the gamma ray observatory, and pushed on the boom really hard. And that's what allowed the boom to release and deploy. And so that's one example of crew members getting it done. Another example is there was an astronaut out on the International Space Station at a worksite somewhere along here, and they started talking to the ground saying, You know what, I think there's some water in my helmet. Well, you're not supposed to have water in your helmet, but he sounded pretty calm about it. So everybody was just kind of talking about and figuring out what to do. But when there's water in the helmet, one thing to know is that the air coming into the space of helmet comes from behind your head and pushes the air up over your head and around so that you've got fresh air over your nose and mouth for you to breathe. However, in this case, the water also came in around the back of the head and then that air kept pushing that water forward over the crewmember's face. And so as they were talking, the crew member was starting to not be able to see because the water was creeping down over his eyes, because the water kind of sticks to you when you're in microgravity. And so it was a big blob on his head and he was bald. So it just kind of kept creeping forward down over his eyes, and then toward his nose and slowly toward his face. Amy Ross He finally communicated the urgency of this, because again, he's a very calm, risk, comfortable kind of guy. And fortunately his buddy who is a Navy SEAL who's also a pretty cool, calm and collected steely eyed Rocket Man, kind of a person. And between the two of them they were able to help the astronaut with the water in his helmet who was blinded and soon not being able to breathe, get back into the airlock and then repress the airlock and be able to get his helmet off and his face straight off before he drowned in a spacesuit. So those are the kinds of people that we are dealing with. Amy Ross So that means that the whole keep you alive part that a lot of us would be concerned about is taken for granted by our customers. They assume that the spacesuit will do its job and keep them alive to the point where even though they've been told not to use their gloves as hammers, because that could be bad, AKA you could put a hole in your suit and you could die, they want to get the job done. And so they're getting it done and they're gonna hammer with their glove if that is what's needed to do to get the job done. Which I've seen happen and that makes you really mad as a spacesuit engineer. That is not a good thing to see as a spacesuit engineer. Because like we said the astronaut's focus is on what they are doing, getting the job done. So they expect us to provide the best possible tool to do that, to get the job done piece of it, versus the keeping you alive piece of it, although I have to do both of them, and they're both equally challenging. So they judge us on the what you are doing part and how easy that is. And so that is how we get feedback on our suit. And that's what we have to address when we are getting customer acceptance of our hardware, our spacesuits. So how do we do that? Amy Ross Well, let's remember my caveat. I am in the build hardware business. So I am an engineer. You can put your job in here, whatever your job is, and do the same thing. I'm not an astronaut, I don't fly in space, I don't get to work in the spacesuit on the International Space Station or the moon. However, well, I'm also I'm not a ergonomist, or have one class in human factors. So I'm not formally trained in human centric design. However, I do have some experience to draw on. What experience do I have to draw on to do human centric design, if I'm not an astronaut, and I'm not an ergonomic or human factors person? Well, I'm a people. Just like you are. Astronauts are peoples too. So we've got a lot more in common than we have that is different. That's just like our DNA. We're really, really very common aross a lot of the, you know, biological world. And so we really ought to get along a whole lot better than we do with our animal friends because there's so much more that we're alike than we're different. And that gives you a big advantage in trying to do human centric design. You're a human. Okay, so you can use that secret weapon too. You're a human, that'll get you a long way along the path of doing human centric design. Amy Ross Okay, so whether being an astronaut or a racecar driver or a soccer mom or a train station attendant or a late adopter, web-illiterate first time online bank account user, or a youth experimenting with drugs, may not be a part of your everyday experience. Whatever kinds of customers your job brings you, they might be outside of your specific experience and your part of being a human, but remember a lot of it is still within our shared experience. How we take in information, how different things make us feel, how our bodies move, in general. And so some of those things are still there for you to use. Amy Ross So in my lab, this is our engineering-based approach, learned on the job, to human centric design. So this, none of these are big secrets. And a lot of these are pretty obvious, but I'm going to tell you how we apply them. So we try to put ourselves in our customers shoes. We get to pretend we're astronauts sometimes, and it's fun. We get to remember that every person is different. And so although we all are humans, you do have to think about well, somebody might not approach this the same way that I do, or somebody may not have the same mobility that I do, or somebody you know, may have different thoughts about this than I do. So that's something we consider and I'll talk about some specifics about that. Amy Ross Watching and listening, often underrated. One of the reasons I'm considered to be the pressure garment technical lead, is that I've spent more time watching people move in spacesuits than anybody else currently working. Okay, so, just watching and seeing how people move in my suit, watching humans use my spacesuit, is a big piece of why I know what I know and what makes me valuable in my job. Also, a lot of times, it's important to listen. So we can't jump the gun and try to assume we understand what our subject is trying to tell us. We need to listen and then do you know, active communication, to try to confirm that we do accurately understand what our subject is telling us. And then finally, test test test. There's nothing better than putting a lot of different people in suits and a lot of different situations and testing them. Test it, test it, test it. So then you can really figure out if your suit does do what it needs to do for all the different types of people that need to do it. Okay. So first off, put yourself in your customer's shoes. Here I am back in the day in a spacesuit on the vomit comet aircraft, pretending to be an astronaut for a little while and it's fun. Amy Ross Being in a spacesuit is a really unique kind of experience. It's a very physical experience, which then makes it also a very mentally challenging experience because you're trying to learn how to move the shell that you've placed around you while you normally don't have to spend a lot of time thinking about that. And so just that piece of the experience alone gives you a lot of information about what your crew members are experiencing. And then as you get up the learning curve and you get more used to moving in the suits, then you focus more on trying to get the tasks done, and how the suit is or isn't helping you do that task you need to do. Okay. Amy Ross Other examples of putting yourself in your customer's shoes I heard was when Microsoft was trying to develop their adaptive controller. They had their engineers and developers experience some of the limitations their potential customers of the controller had. One arm, limited vision, only the ability to you know, a quadriplegic, only the ability to use your your lips or your eyes to communicate about what you wanted to do. And so without those experiences, the designers got a lot more appreciation for how to think about what they were trying to do, what kinds of things their customers may be experiencing, that they need to account for as well. Versus, you know, the otherly abeled versus the, what most of us are typically blessed with. Amy Ross Another story is about the Eurostar, the chunnel train. They were trying to make the process smoother for their customers as well as their employees. So one thing they did was they had people on the improvement task shadow the people using their system. So they're a customer trying to buy a ticket and navigate their websites, or even their station attendants trying to help them get passengers to where they needed to be. So one example is that they realized that their ticket, just the layout of their ticket made it hard for the station attendants to understand which class of carriage the travelers were in. And so it took longer than it should to be able to direct the travelers to where they needed to be. They decided to do something which seems pretty simple but is really smart. Change the color of the tickets per class. So if you have that magic golden ticket, you're in first class and they can point you there without even you know, putting a hand on the ticket or other than just a glance at the ticket. They know that just as travelers walking up to them, so they're ready and prepared to move them on and get them on the train quicker. Amy Ross Okay. Here's some more examples of spacesuit engineers in suits. So every person in these pictures except the portable life support team members, so the big backpack on the suit. It's what Carly and Eric do. But Dana and Ian and Richard and Lindse were all, or are still members of my team. And so you can see that we get people in the suits, and have them do different kinds of tests, and get in different kinds of suit configurations so that they are aware of what that system does for them. And they carry that experience into their design and their communication with other subjects. Amy Ross Here's yet another example. This is the Orion Spacecraft mock up. And you can see we have a variety of suits and there's also a variety of people here. This gentleman over here, Dustin Gilbert, he is responsible for the Crew Survival Suit in the Orion capsule. It's called the Orion Crew Survival Suit, OCSS. Jessica has a physiology background and she is in the EMU for the ISS. And then here is a geologist in one of my prototypes. That's the Mark III D. Here's my systems engineering and integration lead. And he is in a suit called the I suit. Here's one of my technicians in a Crew Survival mock up. And that is, well, it's not okay, that's the D suit. It's very similar to the Apollo suit actually, just different cover layers. And then here is another one of my engineers who was in a Russian Crew Survival Suit. So we try to mix and match and learn through all those different experiences. Okay, and part of our human centric design focus is remembering that every person is different. It's easy for us to keep this focus because we have requirements to fit different sizes and shapes of people, and to accommodate people with a range of mobilities. Because in the end, they need to be able to do the job no matter what their mobility is. The suit has to allow them to have techniques that make them successful. Amy Ross Okay, on the size and shape, the army is where we get a lot of our data because they do large studies on sizes and shapes of their people so they can size their uniforms and equipment for them. And so there's a database that gives you all these different dimensions and we pick which ones are critical for our spacesuit design. For example, chest depth, chest breadth, crotch height. Let's see. Some of these inter-wrist distance, that's pretty important. So a lot of these are important to how we design the suit and make sure that it will fit people. And you can see the difference in dimensions on some of these numbers. So chest depth, you can go from 19.1 centimeters or 7.5 inches, up to 11.9 inches or 21.6 centimeters. And we have to be able oh sorry 30.2 centimeters, we have to be able to accommodate that full range of chesst depth. Plus all the different combinations that you might have of these different dimensions on one person. So if you look here on this table, I will tell you, I'm actually test subject two. And you can see that I have a biacromial breadth, so the bump on your shoulder where your collarbone meets your shoulder, that's your acromion. And the distance between those two bumps is your biacromial breadth. Okay, I am a 6th percentile, according to the database, on biacromial breadth. However, if you come down here into the blue shades are the minimums. And we do have one percentile people, first percentile people here. If you come down here on my column, you can see that I also have a 95th percentile hip breadth. Thank you, grandma. And so I look, honestly, trust me, like a fairly normal person. But I vary from 6th percentile to 95th percentile on my body. That's just one body on the key dimensions that we use for suit design. Amy Ross So if you look over here, in this picture, you can see a range of different people that we pulled out of our building actually, these are all people I know. And you can see the differences in their sizes and shapes. This guy back here is actually one of my technicians, and he helps us on the large end of things. And so, what we do is we do this in design by looking at scans of bodies and putting them into the models of our suit, and trying to understand if we think our suit design is going to be able to fit all the different sizes and shapes of people that we need to. And then we can validate those assumptions as we're designing by doing some 3D printing of the suit here. This is the heart, upper torso. And so this is the helmet opening. These are the shoulder openings, as you can see, from the front, and in the back. This is the hatch to see into the back of the suit. And you can see how we then check to make sure that the people actually fit the suit the way we assume they would fit the suit based on scans. So we can validate our assumptions and make sure we're doing things correctly. And sometimes we're not correct. One of the dimensions that we struggle with a little bit is crotch height. Crotch height is kind of a harder number to get off of the scan and to know where people's preferences are. And so when we were designing we actually had the suit an inch too long because we just assumed that a certain amount of clearance was going to be preferred. And people actually in a walking suit, want that crotch higher up so that they can walk better. And so we changed our suit designs based on that. Amy Ross Okay, and here's a fun activity you can do at home, talk about the mobility and the differences in mobility people have. Get those who are working with you, or with your social distanced friends over there and do a toe touch. And see how many people can actually touch their toes, and see how many people's toe touch goes down to their knees, and see how some people's toe touches, actually they can put their hands flat on the floor behind their heels. It's a variety. Then if you go overhead reach, some people could put their biceps right up on their ears. Some people don't get their biceps much past 90 degrees. So there's a wide range of overhead reach capability. And then if you squat, try to see how far you can squat down, oh, dog, the dangers of telework. And then squat down and see how far you can squat without getting your heels off the ground. And again, you're going to see some differences in people. And maybe some you know, some bad eggs that fall over. We have to understand that, know that and you know, we play games, looking at people on our team, to see what kinds of capabilities they have and what that might mean as far as how they can utilize our suit. Okay. So we look across the human population, about in the range of flexibility from gymnast to ballerina to ell, everybody who aren't those people who are that flexible. Amy Ross Okay, here's that critical watch, and listen. It is almost free. All it takes us some time and you can get critical information if you just listen to your customers. That's courtesy of Captain Obvious there, right? This is step number one if you're paying attention. So make sure not to skip that step, make sure that you're not talking for them, make sure that you're really listening to them and not putting your filter over what they're trying to say. Reel back what you think you heard to them, and make sure that you did hear it accurately. So you catch those nuances and things and really understand what they were trying to tell you. So for us, we've got a lot of people who interact with a suit or need to interface with a suit, or who are going to do work in a suit. So we talked to geologists, because planetary science is a lot of what you are doing, you know, that big piece of our requirements. Where you're doing, what you're doing .Well, geology is a lot of what you're doing. So if you get to know a geologist, you can start to understand a lot about what they do and how they do that. And in fact, we go as far as doing a short geology field class, where we go out in the field with geologists, and they teach us how they do their job for a short period of time. But it gives you a lot of insight as to what the expectations are for our hardware. Amy Ross Tool designers. So a lot of geology is going to be done with tools. So if we can talk to those tool designers and understand more about what their strengths are and what they're trying to do and how they're trying to do it, and maybe even get them in our suit so they can get a feel for what that's like and take those lessons away to go design their tools better to interact with a suit. That's a good thing to do. Amy Ross Lunar lander designers. So what kinds of things are they thinking about? And what do they need to understand to be able to build their vehicles so that the people in spacesuits can use it. And of course, people who know a lot more about the human body and how it works and how to design around it. Folks, like, you know, they're trained that way. Physiologists and ergonomisists. And then of course, there's the people who've done it before. So do your homework, right? Go back and study your history. Don't repeat this. Don't be doomed to repeat the lessons of the past. So one of the things that we do is we go back and talk to our experts, such as Joe Kosmo, who is this gentleman here over his career here. Joe retired with 50 years of spacesuit experience. And he did all kinds of things in all kinds of different suits, scenarios, tests, hardware, you know. If it's been done, it's probably Joe who did it in the past. So there's nothing like bringing Joe in and talking to him about what we're trying to do and some lessons he learned. And things that we should watch out for, or things that we should be careful of, or things that really worked for him in the past. Amy Ross And then test test test. Use you. Be a subject. Don't be afraid. It's going to be okay. Use you. Well, unless you're in heart surgery, then maybe you need to think about that. Your team. I want my folks to have a very high level of awareness and experience and education. So if they participate in tests, they're getting that, that way. Related people. Those geologists, those tool designers, those lander designers. Those folks. Bring them in. Let them be participants in your tests with you, so that they can then communicate and interact with you more effectively. Our customers of course. We get astronauts in the spacesuit and then we always have fun hearing from them. Because one of our jokes is that if you have five restaurants in the room, you have eight opinions, at least. So you're gonna get a lot of information from your customers, and you need to listen to that. And, you know, you can't always act on everything to the extent that the customer may want, but there's a lot you can do. And just being aware of those things is very helpful. So, you know, as you're making decisions that can play into your decision making process. And then you want to do testing in a variety of cases. So different variables, right, different mental challenges, different physical challenges, and a lot of times both of them together, which is what you have in a spacesuit because you've got somebody out there trying to do a complicated task, in a spacesuit with instructions, in a physically challenging environment. So you want to make sure you really shake it out and don't just choose the easy to meet requirements to test. Amy Ross So here's what I'm talking about. Here's some of the testing that we do. This is our Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. It's called the NDL. It's a six and a half million gallon water tank AKA giant swimming pool. And we have a a mock up of the space station in there so astronauts can practice doing their spacewalks for the International Space Station. But then we also use it to do tests of new spacesuits. And so this is crew member Sonny Williams, getting into a foot restraint in our Z2 spacesuit, and you can see how she's using the mobility of the suit to do that. And then here is an astronaut, I can't tell which one, getting into the airlock of the space station and that little hole, that is the hatch. Here's the hatch of the of the airlock. And so you can see it's a pretty tight fit with the tools on the front of the suit, the depths of the suit all the way back to the back of the backpack and then plus here's another jetpack down here called the SAFER Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue. And all that adds up to being a tight fit in this V shaped hole you have to get in and out of to go do EVAs and come back home. Amy Ross Okay, and here is another case in point. These are putting, these are tests where we went out to the desert that's similar to a Mars or moon scenario depending on which part of the desert we ran around in. And I've got a subject in one suit and a geologist in another suit. And they are doing geology tasks. And you can see, we have them taking a sample with a shovel. So they're using tools and bags. There's a (...) over here, this little colored thing over here is called a (...). And then here's a geologist in the suit, taking a sample off of a rock face. And you can see the ground that we're covering here. We are not trying to baby him, we're trying to make sure that he does the job he would do not in a spacesuit. And so that's a place he would go and that's a sample he would take, suited or not, and we want to make sure in the suit, he can tell us what that's like versus when he does it outside of the suit. So we know what challenges being in the suit or giving him what design changes we might need to implement. Amy Ross Okay, here's another couple of examples here. So here is a, that's a subject. That's what my engineers and I think that's a another subject today, we have two subjects this time. And this is a mock up of the Apollo Lunar Scientific Experiment Package, ALSEP. And so they are deploying the ALSEP package. It's like this is a seismometer or something simulated. And so this is on a lunar crater kind of environment or lunar mare sorry this is the mare environment here. And again, they're gonna tell us how that went and what changes we need to do and also to see how the suit wore and how the dust entered into the suit and things that we wondered about the suit design itself in addition to how the human uses a suit. And here on the right, this is a biologist actually, and he's in the suit, doing sampling analysis that will tell them if it's, if there could be life in the samples that he took. So this is a piece of equipment that was developed between a government lab and a NASA site. And they wanted to understand how well that design would work potentially for spaceflight applications. Amy Ross Okay, and here's another example. This is I told you we go on the vomit comet. This is the I suit on the vomit comet on simulated rock panels doing mobility exercises. This is a here gonna walk back. So we're watching this we want to understand how this subject felt how hard it was, how was what good or bad or stable it were. But we also watched the suit design. I'll show that again. And see what moves, how it moves, how much it moved, just that watch Our test test a lot. Amy Ross Here's another one. This is the Mark III again KC 135. This is Mars gravity. See how they move, you can kind of see the difference between those two suits. That's an astronaut in the suit from the test. That's me back there by the way. As you can see all eyes are on the subject movement and we take video so that we could watch it again and again. Actually maybe once okay. The whole point of this is that if you want to do human centric design, guess what? You are a human and you are equipped to do it. You don't have to have a specialized training, you don't have to have a lot of fancy tools. You just need to follow some pretty simple steps and you are applying human centric design principles. And that's what we do in our lab every day as we design spacesuits. So I'm gonna open it up to questions and I thank you for your time and attention and I hope you got something out of that. I definitely enjoy doing my job. And my subjects enjoy doing their job too, as you can see. Scared the living daylights out of me when he did that, but all turned out well. So we all lived to test another day. Okay, so thank you again, and I'm honored to have been here and I hope you enjoyed it. Transcribed by https://otter.ai